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Index >
3 Characterisation of radioactively contaminated sites >
3.4.5 Neutron emitting radionuclides
Chapters
Index3 Characterisation of radioactively contaminated sites
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Definition of key terms adopted in site characterization
3.3 Design of field-based site characterisations: data quality objective process
3.3.1 Major factors in site characterizations
3.3.2 General site characterization survey design aspects
3.3.3 Radioactive contaminants
3.3.4 Radioactively contaminated sites, sources of contaminations and radionuclides of concern
3.3.5 Establishing background environmental quality
3.3.6 Establishing derived concentration guideline levels DCGLs
3.3.7 Criteria for the selection of direct measurement, scanning and sample collection methods
3.3.8 Additional investigations to support a radiological site characterization
3.3.9 Quality control
3.3.10 Radiological and additional surveys or investigations versus timeline
3.3.11 Site preparation prior to remediation actions
3.3.12 Regulatory confirmation and verification
3.4 Site characterisation: Samples
3.4.1 Introduction
3.4.2 Dose rate
3.4.3 Alpha and beta emitting radionuclides
3.4.4 Photon emitting radionuclides
3.4.5 Neutron emitting radionuclides
3.4.6 Biological samples
3.4.7 Soil and rock samples
3.4.8 Liquid samples
3.4.9 Gas samples
3.4.10 Radon sampling
3.4.11 Geological
3.4.12 Real time collection of data (samples)
3.4.13 Quality control samples
3.5 Site characterisation: Sampling frequencies, locations and patterns
3.5.1 Contaminant present in background - determining numbers of data points for statistical tests
3.5.2 Contaminant not present in background - determining numbers of data points for statistical tests
3.5.3 Determining data points for small areas of elevated activity
3.5.4 Determining locations and patterns
3.5.5 Determining geographical location of survey data points
3.5.6 Techniques for determining location of survey data points
3.5.7 Depth-dependent sampling
3.5.8 Other sampling/measurement locations
3.5.9 Sample tracking/record keeping
3.6 Site characterisation: Non-intrusive methods
3.6.1 Non-intrusive radiological surveys
3.6.2 Non-intrusive geological surveys
3.6.3 Non-intrusive drain surveys
3.6.4 Limitations to non-destructive methods
3.6.5 Radar, magnetometer, and electro sensors
3.7 Site characterisation: Intrusive methods
3.7.1 Intrusive investigation methods
3.7.2 Safe digging practice
3.7.3 Monitoring during intrusive investigations
3.8 Site characterisation: Field survey and laboratory equipment used to measure radiation levels and radioactive material concentrations
3.8.1 Radiation detection instrumentation
3.8.2 Display and recording equipment
3.8.3 Radon detectors and measurement techniques
3.8.4 Aspects to consider by selection of field survey and laboratory equipment
3.8.5 Instrument calibration
3.9 Site characterisation: Analysis of samples
3.9.1 Selection of analytical method and detection limit
3.9.2 Analysis of radioactivity
3.9.3 Gamma spectrometry
3.9.4 Gross alpha and gross beta measurement
3.9.5 Radiochemical analysis
3.9.6 Autoradiography
3.9.7 Neutron activation analysis
3.9.8 Other techniques
3.9.9 Errors and uncertainties in analyse results
3.10 Site characterisation: Data interpretation and drawing conclusions
3.10.1 Conversion of collected data to DCGL units
3.10.2 Statistical tests
3.10.3 Example of statistical data processing: Contaminant not present in background
3.10.4 Example of statistical data processing: Contaminant present in background
3.10.5 Example of statistical data processing: Small areas of elevated activity
3.10.6 Example of statistical data processing: Small areas of elevated activity
3.10.7 Verify the assumptions of applied statistical tests
3.10.8 Data quality assessment process
3.11 Site characterisation: Reporting results
3.11.1 Reporting to decision maker of reviewer
3.11.2 Type of documentation
3.12 Common mistakes
3.12.1 Lack of clear specifications of the objectives and strategy
3.12.2 Soil shielding
3.12.3 Lack of background measures
3.12.4 Unsuitable equipment
3.12.5 Methods were not approved by regulators